Crude is one of the nation’s most common hazardous materials transported by rail
By Michael Rubinkam and Geoff Mulvihill
Associated Press
PHILADELPHIA (AP) — They rumble past schools, homes and businesses in dozens of cities around the country — 100-car trains loaded with crude oil from the Upper Midwest.
While railroads have long carried hazardous materials through congested urban areas, cities are now scrambling to formulate emergency plans and to train firefighters amid the latest safety threat: a fiftyfold increase in crude shipments that critics say has put millions of people living or working near the tracks at heightened risk of derailment, fire and explosion.
After a series of fiery crashes, The Associated Press conducted a survey of nearly a dozen big cities that, collectively, see thousands of tank cars each week, revealing a patchwork of preparedness. Some have plans specifically for oil trains; others do not. Some fire departments have trained for an oil train disaster; others say they’re planning on it. Some cities are sitting on huge quantities of fire-suppressing foam, others report much smaller stockpiles.
The AP surveyed emergency management departments in Chicago; Philadelphia; Seattle; Cleveland; Minneapolis; Milwaukee; Pittsburgh; New Orleans; Sacramento, California; Newark, New Jersey; and Buffalo, New York. The responses show emergency planning remains a work in progress even as crude has become one of the nation’s most common hazardous materials transported by rail. Railroads carried some 500,000 carloads last year, up from 9,500 in 2008.
“There could be a huge loss of life if we have a derailment, spill and fire next to a heavily populated area or event,” said Wayne Senter, executive director of the Washington state association of fire chiefs. “That’s what keeps us up at night.”
The oil comes from North Dakota’s prolific Bakken Shale, an underground rock formation where fracking and horizontal drilling have allowed energy companies to tap previously inaccessible reserves.
The production boom has made oil trains a daily fact of life in places like Philadelphia, where they roll past major hospitals, including one for children. In Seattle, they snake by sports stadiums used by the Seahawks and Mariners before entering a 110-year-old tunnel under downtown. In Chicago, they’re a stone’s throw from large apartment buildings, a busy expressway and the White Sox’s ballpark.
Before the rise of shale oil and the ethanol industry, hazardous materials were typically shipped in just a handful of cars in trains that hauled a variety of products. But the trains now passing through cities consist entirely of tank cars filled with flammable crude. These so-called unit trains offer increased efficiency but magnify the risk that hazardous materials will be involved in a derailment.
That has led some residents and emergency management experts to worry it’s just a matter of time before a catastrophic derailment in a city, where, according to a 2014 U.S. Department of Transportation analysis, a severe accident could kill more than 200 people and cause $6 billion in damage.
Two summers ago, an oil-train derailment, explosion and fire showed the power of such a disaster in even a small town, when part of Lac-Megantic, Quebec, was leveled and 47 people died. There have been at least six oil-train derailments in lightly populated areas of the U.S. and Canada so far this year, most resulting in fires but none in deaths.
With several trains rumbling past his Chicago home each day, Tony Phillips is keenly aware of the threat.
“If it happened here, we would be toast,” said the 77-year-old painter, who lives with his wife in a converted 19th-century factory in the Pilsen neighborhood that shudders when one of the mile-long trains rattles past.
Phillips knows the chances of a crash right outside his bedroom window are remote. Nevertheless, when he hears the trains go by, “it gives me a little shiver,” he said. “It’s like a ghost coming along with this tremendous potential for destruction.”
Cities have responded with varying levels of urgency. Milwaukee, for example, provided basic training in crude-by-rail shipments and accidents to more than 800 firefighters, sent its hazmat team to Colorado for advanced training on oil-train accident response and meets regularly with railroad officials. Pittsburgh, meanwhile, says it has not yet conducted training exercises or met with railroad officials but will do so once its oil-train emergency plan is complete.
On the federal level, new rules aim to reduce the chances of a catastrophic derailment by lowering speed limits in cities, ordering railroads to install electronic braking systems and requiring a phase-in of stronger tank cars beginning in 2018.
The oil industry has challenged some rules in court while critics say the standards don’t go far enough, lamenting that tens of thousands of older, rupture-prone tank cars will remain on the tracks for years to come.
Some residents and activists also complain about a lack of transparency from the railroads, which have fought to keep details about oil-train routing and frequency from the public, citing competitive and security concerns. The federal government agreed in May to end its requirement that railroads notify states about large shipments of crude, but quickly reversed course amid a public backlash.
The rail industry says it shares the information with those who need it — local first responders. And, by and large, cities told the AP they work closely with railroads on emergency preparedness, getting information on cargoes and routing, and taking part in tabletop simulations and live training exercises.
Thousands of firefighters have traveled on the industry’s dime to an Association of American Railroads training facility near Pueblo, Colorado, where tank cars are set ablaze for practice. Thousands more practice diagnosing leaking tank cars at free hazardous materials workshops the industry holds around the country.
“Our industry has recognized the concern that’s been expressed about moving this product. We’ve been doing increased operational reviews, we’ve slowed down our trains, we’ve increased track safety technology and track inspections, as well as really stepping up preparedness and training with first responders,” said Ed Greenberg, spokesman for the railroad association.
Overall, the industry’s safety record has improved. Freight-train derailments have been cut nearly in half since 2004, with the number falling to 1,210 last year from 2,350 a decade earlier, according to federal statistics.
“The industry does not want derailments,” said National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Christopher Hart. “That’s the bottom line.”
But fiery crashes involving oil trains has heightened concern. Politicians and activists from Minnesota to New Jersey are calling for the trains to be rerouted away from densely populated areas. Activists in Philadelphia question whether the city has adequately communicated its evacuation plans with residents who would have to leave quickly after an accident.
Jessica Nixon said she never would have bought her south Philadelphia rowhouse had she known oil trains would rumble past at all hours of the day and night. She’s thought about moving, but “how would I sell my house?”
“I am concerned for my own safety, as well as my neighbors’,” said Nixon, 30, who lives three doors down from a 1.2-mile-long railroad bridge and chatted with a reporter as an oil train chugged by.
Not far from Nixon’s home lies a massive oil refinery that has turned Philadelphia into one of the nation’s top destinations for North Dakota crude. The trains taking it there come within feet of downtown office buildings and fancy condominium complexes, as well as rowhouse neighborhoods, schools, parks and small businesses. They run parallel to the Schuylkill River, which supplies half the city’s drinking water.
Hundreds of thousands of people live within the half-mile evacuation zone that federal officials recommend if there’s a catastrophic derailment. The city has avoided disaster, but a January 2014 derailment on a bridge — in which six cars filled with crude leaned precariously over the Schuylkill — highlighted the risk.
“I am confident in our ability to handle a big disaster, but I do not dismiss that a major crude oil accident could be quite destructive,” Samantha Phillips, Philadelphia’s director of emergency management, said in an email.
That’s because if an oil train derails, ruptures and explodes, much of the damage is already done before emergency responders even get the call, noted Donald Kunkle, executive director of the Pennsylvania Fire & Emergency Services Institute.
“If you have a catastrophic failure of a tank car in an urban area,” he said, “it’s going to be a difficult day no matter how effective the fire response is.”
How cities are handling surge in oil trains
Mile-long trains carrying millions of gallons of crude have become a common sight in cities around the U.S., raising concern about the possibility of a catastrophic derailment near crowded neighborhoods or critical infrastructure.
In the wake of a half-dozen fiery crashes this year, The Associated Press surveyed nearly a dozen cities with populations of more than 250,000 to gauge how prepared they are to respond to an oil-train derailment.
Emergency officials in every city say they’re aware of the threat and are taking steps to address it, but the level of preparedness differs from city to city.
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BUFFALO, NEW YORK
— City does not have an emergency plan that specifically addresses oil trains, but says it’s developing one.
— City participated in tabletop exercise in 2015 sponsored by CSX and involving several agencies and contractors.
— Railroad paid for tank car simulator and kits for capping leaks on pressurized railcars.
— City discussed potential dangers with railroad.
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CHICAGO
— Has oil-train emergency plan.
— Variety of tabletop exercises and training exercises have taken place in and around Chicago involving railroads, first responders and government officials.
— City recently developed pilot training program for first responders.
— Fire department has sent about 25 members to train in Colorado so far this year, paid for by railroad.
— Mayor Rahm Emanuel proposed national hazardous materials freight fee on oil producers and industrial oil consumers to generate money for rail infrastructure and
safety improvements.
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CLEVELAND
— Has oil-train emergency plan.
— City took part in tabletop exercise involving derailment and hazmat release, but it wasn’t specific to crude.
— Planning underway for regional derailment tabletop exercise for 2016.
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MILWAUKEE
— City does not have a specific oil-train emergency plan, but its comprehensive plan includes procedures for containment and vapor suppression. City plans to draft a
Milwaukee County Rail Response Plan.
— Fire department provided basic training on crude shipments and accidents to more than 800 members.
— Hazmat team has trained with specialists from railroads; members have also received training in Colorado.
— City has met numerous times with railroads.
— Railroads have paid for training, equipment, including foam trailer.
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MINNEAPOLIS
— No oil-train emergency plan; city relies on “major hazardous materials event” response plan.
— City has conducted live training for rail incidents and sent hazmat team members to Colorado for oil response training.
— Sen. Al Franken wants trains rerouted around Twin Cities.
— Rail industry has paid for “awareness level training” for firefighters.
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SEATTLE
— Emergency plan has sections related to oil and hazardous materials.
— City took part in King County’s tabletop exercises in 2014 and 2015. City working with railroad to set up a Seattle-specific exercise later this year.
— Fire officials, Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad met to discuss train tunnel under downtown; City Council asked railroad to restrict oil shipments along stadiums and
through tunnel.
— Railroad has paid for training, equipment.
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NEWARK, NEW JERSEY
— City has emergency response plan specifically for oil-train accidents.
— Fire department’s special operations and hazardous materials units took part in training scenarios based on response plan.
— Railroad hasn’t paid for training.
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NEW ORLEANS
— Emergency plan includes city-owned New Orleans Public Belt Railroad, a major rail line through city that connects with six private railroads.
— Railroad has self-imposed speed limit of 10 mph to reduce likelihood, severity of derailments.
— New Orleans Public Belt railroad provided tank car to fire department training academy.
— Fire department has sent 12 members to train in Colorado, include six in 2015; railroads foot bill.
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PHILADELPHIA
— City has oil-train annex to hazardous materials emergency plan.
— City held “functional exercise” with CSX railroad in October 2014.
— Office of Emergency Management conducted internal training on crude oil emergencies that included mass notification and evacuation, activation of emergency shelters,
overall emergency response coordination and recovery.
— CSX has provided training to fire department. City intends more planning and training.
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PITTSBURGH
— No oil-train emergency plan, but city is adding section to existing emergency operations plan.
— City plans to both meet with railroads and to introduce training exercises once emergency response guidelines are finished.
— Hazardous materials team has attended railroad-sponsored tank car training.
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SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
— No oil-train emergency plan, but city says 2008 hazmat response plan is undergoing revisions.
— City did tabletop exercise on June 4 with 70 participants from local, state agencies and railroads.
— City meets about once a month with railroads.
— Railroads paid to send four fire department employees to Colorado for crude-by-rail training.
— City had been seeing as many as nine oil trains a week last year, but more recently there have been few, if any, trains passing through.
