Court sends redistricting case back for review
By Sam Hananel
Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) - A divided Supreme Court last Wednesday said a lower court must take another look at whether Alabama's Republican-led legislature relied too heavily on race when it redrew the state's voting districts in a way that black leaders say limited minority voting power.
The justices split 5-4 across ideological lines in ruling that a three-judge panel did not properly consider complaints that state officials illegally packed black voters into too few voting districts.
Writing for the court, Justice Stephen Breyer said the lower court should have reviewed claims of racial gerrymandering on a district-by-district level, not just statewide. He also said the court didn't apply the right test when it found that race wasn't the primary motivating factor.
Breyer said both the district court and the state legislature relied too much on a "mechanically numerical" view of whether the new plan reduced minority voting strength. Instead of asking how it could maintain the minority percentages in districts, the court should have asked what percentages the minority should have to elect their candidate of choice.
"Asking the wrong question may well have led to the wrong answer," Breyer said.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, often a swing vote, joined the court's four liberals in the majority, including Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor.
State officials say they had no choice but to concentrate black voters in some districts, making neighboring seats more white and apt to elect Republicans.
African-Americans challenging the state's Republican-drawn maps said black voters should have been somewhat dispersed to increase their influence in elections.
A panel of three federal judges had ruled 2-1 in 2013 that the new districts were not discriminatory and did not violate the Voting Rights Act or the Constitution.
Like other states, the Alabama Legislature had to redraw political boundaries to reflect population shifts in the 2010 Census. The process can often lead to gerrymandering - the manipulation of district boundaries to gain a partisan advantage.
Alabama Attorney General Luther Strange said he was disappointed in the ruling but noted that the current plan would stay in effect while the case continues.
In dissent, Justice Antonin Scalia said the court's majority "issues a sweeping holding that will have profound implications for the constitutional ideal of one person, one vote, for the future of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and for the primacy of the state in managing its own elections."
Scalia said the challengers never really proved or even made formal arguments about district-specific claims of racial gerrymandering. He complained that majority was allowing the challengers "to take a mulligan," or have a second chance, despite their pursuit of a "flawed litigation strategy."
Scalia's dissent was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.
Thomas, the court's only black justice, also issued a separate dissent.
"I do not pretend that Alabama is blameless when it comes to its sordid history of racial politics," Thomas said. "But, today the state is not the one that is culpable. Its redistricting effort was indeed tainted, but it was tainted by our voting rights jurisprudence and the uses to which the Voting Rights Act has been put."
Thomas added: "Long ago, the DOJ and special-interest groups like the ACLU hijacked the act, and they have been using it ever since to achieve their vision of maximized black electoral strength, often at the expense of the voters they purport to help," referring to the Department of Justice, which enforces the Voting Rights Act, and the American Civil Liberties Union.
Alabama Rep. Darrio Melton, a Democrat from Selma, called the Supreme Court's decision "a step in the right direction" but said he won't be satisfied unless the courts eventually order new districts line.
Before the new lines were drawn, Melton said, black voters who lived in majority white districts could influence who was picked to serve in the Alabama Legislature.
"To take that away is basically to dilute their voices," Melton said.
Sen. Del Marsh, the Republican leader of the Alabama Senate, said he did not fear an additional court review. He noted the Justice Department approved the plan in 2012 when Alabama was under a preclearance requirement of the Voting Rights Act.
"I am confident that the plan is legal, fair and will once again be affirmed by the court," Marsh said.
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Associated Press writer Kim Chandler in Montgomery, Alabama, contributed to this report.
Justices revive worker's pregnancy bias lawsuit
By Mark Sherman
Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) - The Supreme Court gave a former UPS driver another chance last Wednesday to prove her claim of discrimination after the company did not offer her lighter duty when she was pregnant.
The justices last Wednesday sided 6-3 with former driver Peggy Young in throwing out lower court rulings that rejected her lawsuit.
The case concerned employers' responsibilities under the 37-year-old Pregnancy Discrimination Act. Atlanta-based UPS Inc. maintained that it obeyed the law because it provided light-work duty only in limited situations and did not single out pregnant women.
But in ordering lower courts to look again at Young's claim, Justice Stephen Breyer said for the court that one consideration should be, "Why, when the employer accommodated so many, could it not accommodate pregnant women as well?"
UPS said it did not provide light-duty work to any employees unless they were injured on the job, had a condition that was covered by the Americans With Disabilities Act or lost their federal certificate to drive a commercial vehicle.
Justice Antonin Scalia said in dissent that the majority waved "the Supreme Wand" to arrive at the outcome it preferred. Scalia said the law "does not prohibit denying pregnant women accommodations, or any other benefit for that matter, on the basis of an evenhanded policy." Justices Anthony Kennedy and Clarence Thomas joined the dissent.
The outcome reflects a "middle ground" that Justice Elena Kagan suggested during arguments in early December. Courts must now re-examine Young's case with a more accepting view of the discrimination claim. UPS and other employers facing similar suits still are able to argue their policies were legal because they were based on seniority or some other acceptable reason.
UPS has since changed its policy and now says it will try to accommodate pregnant workers. Nine states also have adopted laws directing employers to do so.
In recent months, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has updated guidance to employers to make clear that they should accommodate people in Young's situation. Yet the U.S. Postal Service said it has made no change in policy and maintains the practice that UPS has now abandoned.
Pregnant workers in situations similar to Young's also may have additional protections under 2008 amendments to the Americans with Disabilities Act. Young's pregnancy occurred before Congress changed the disabilities law.
Women's rights groups and Young's lawyers praised the decision. "We think it's a big win for Peggy Young. We think it's a big win for pregnant workers around the country," said Samuel Bagenstos, Young's lawyer at the Supreme Court.
UPS spokeswoman Susan Rosenberg said the court did not embrace Young's argument that UPS' policy was discriminatory and instead ordered lower court review under a standard that neither side argued for at the Supreme Court.
"We are confident that those courts will find that UPS did not discriminate against Ms. Young under this newly announced standard," Rosenberg said.
Young's dispute with UPS arose after she became pregnant through in-vitro fertilization and gave her supervisor a doctor's note recommending that she not lift packages heavier than 20 pounds. Young, now 43, said she dealt almost exclusively with overnight letters, but UPS said its drivers must be able to lift packages weighing up to 70 pounds. She returned to work two months after her daughter, Triniti, was born. Young left the company in 2009.
The Virginia woman lost two rounds in lower courts. Triniti is now 7.
Published: Mon, Mar 30, 2015
