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Jennifer Dukarski, Butzel attorney, shareholder, and leader of the firm’s Connected and Autonomous Mobility Team, will be a guest speaker during the Society of Automotive Analysts (SAA) 11th Annual Automotive Recalls Summit on Wednesday, April 24, in Livonia.

Jennifer Dukarski, Butzel attorney, shareholder, and leader of the firm’s Connected and Autonomous Mobility Team, will be a guest speaker during the Society of Automotive Analysts (SAA) 11th Annual Automotive Recalls Summit on Wednesday, April 24, in Livonia.

She will discuss recent failures in the transportation industry, the related civil penalties for evading regulatory compliance and what it takes for manufacturing organizations to identify and mitigate recall and compliance risks internally.

Dukarski focuses her practice at the intersection of technology and communications with an emphasis on emerging and disruptive issues: digital media and content, cybersecurity and privacy, infotainment and shared mobility, and connected and autonomous cars. Dukarski has become a national leader in legal issues facing emerging automotive technology including challenging intellectual property issues surrounding data, artificial intelligence and automated systems.

A self-titled “recovering engineer,” Dukarski was named one of the 30 Women Defining the Future of Technology in January 2020 by Warner Communications for her innovative thoughts and contributions to the tech industry.

Dukarski is a graduate of the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law (2010). She also is a graduate of the University of Detroit Mercy College of Engineering and Science (1996).

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The appeal of a landmark eminent domain case in the city of Detroit’s storied Poletown neighborhood will be the focus of a symposium on May 9, featuring Plunkett Cooney appellate attorney Mary Massaron.

Massaron, who represented the plaintiffs in County of Wayne v. Hathcock, will lend her perspective to the panel discussion during the Michigan Supreme Court Advocates Guild’s symposium, which will also feature former Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Robert Young, the author of the Hathcock decision, and former Supreme Court Justice James Ryan, the author of the dissent in Poletown.

The symposium, titled: “The Story of Poletown - A Night of Hathcock, Eminent Domain and the Michigan Supreme Court,” will take place at 5 p.m. in the Partrich Auditorium at Wayne State University Law School. Billed as a night of fun, sophistication and the law, the free event is open to the public, but email registration is required by emailing Lynn Seaks at lynnseaks@micourthistory.com. A short reception will follow the panel discussion at 6:15 p.m.

“This was one of the most high-profile and high-stakes cases in my career,” said Massaron, a partner in Plunkett Cooney’s Bloomfield Hills office. “I think it will be fun and insightful to discuss this case with two former Supreme Court justices who played pivotal roles in the decision.”

A former law clerk to Michigan Supreme Court Justice Patricia J. Boyle, Massaron has handled or supervised the handling of more than 400 appeals, resulting in approximately 150 published opinions, including more than 100 appeals in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. Massaron’s appellate advocacy is well known. She has won numerous victories before the Michigan Supreme Court for public- and private-sector clients, overturning multi-million-dollar judgments and establishing new legal principles.

Massaron has been recognized by Best Lawyers in America for Appellate Law and has been repeatedly acknowledged as one of the top 100 lawyers, top 50 business lawyers, top 25 women business lawyers, top 50 female lawyers, and top appellate law practitioners by Michigan Super Lawyers. She was recognized as the Best Lawyers 2017 and 2021 Appellate Practice “Lawyer of the Year” in Bloomfield Hills. DBusiness Magazine named her top appellate lawyer for the past five years.

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Giarmarco, Mullins, & Horton PC welcomes two new members to its Board of Directors. Following a unanimous vote by its shareholders, Alexander Lebedinski and Keela Johnson have been elected to join the board, effective immediately.

Lebedinski specializes in healthcare law and business transactions and represents many healthcare providers. Johnson’s practice focuses on various domestic relations and family law aspects, including high-asset divorce and custody litigation.

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Bodman PLC is pleased to announce that Ryan C. Washburn has joined the firm as a senior associate in the Business Practice Group.

Washburn assists clients in business and tax planning including the corporate, tax and real estate components of acquisitions and divestitures and the structuring of other complex corporate transactions.

Before joining Bodman, Washburn was an associate with a Michigan-based business and tax law firm where he represented clients on corporate transactions and tax matters. He also worked as a senior tax consultant with a global accounting firm where he helped analyze the tax consequences of transactions and helped clients identify and minimize exposure and risks.

Washburn graduated from University of Illinois College of Law and received an undergraduate degree in Business Administration from Central Michigan University.

As a law student, Washburn served as a law clerk with the Wayne County Circuit Court where he regularly performed legal research and assisted with drafting.

Professor Mark Cooney, chair of Cooley Law School’s Research and Writing Department, and University of Arizona College of Law Professor Diana Simon, a prolific author and veteran writing professor, have coauthored a legal-writing casebook titled “The Case for Effective Legal Writing: Court Opinions, Commentary, and Exercises.” Published by Carolina Academic Press, the book collects and comments on court cases in which writing technique determined the outcome, or was otherwise significant.

Professor Mark Cooney, chair of Cooley Law School’s Research and Writing Department, and University of Arizona College of Law Professor Diana Simon, a prolific author and veteran writing professor, have coauthored a legal-writing casebook titled “The Case for Effective Legal Writing: Court Opinions, Commentary, and Exercises.” Published by Carolina Academic Press, the book collects and comments on court cases in which writing technique determined the outcome, or was otherwise significant.

“This appears to be the first of its kind,” said Cooney. “The casebook format brings the courthouse to the legal-writing classroom, connecting writing technique to real-world consequences.”

The book project allowed the authors to explore their shared fascination with the practical implications of writing style and technique. The text touches on ethics, civility, plain language, legalese, verbosity, and even grammar and punctuation.

Cooney said that he was confident in the idea’s promise from the outset. “When Professor Simon approached me with the idea, I took to it immediately. We’d worked together before, and I’d authored an article ten years earlier that was fashioned as a miniature casebook. It all fell together seamlessly.”

Professors Cooney and Simon will give more insight on the book in an upcoming Law School Lounge podcast, presented by Carolina Academic Press.

When it comes to affording housing, more and more Americans are living on the edge of the abyss.
A recent report by Redfin notes that half of U.S. homeowners and renters sometimes, regularly, or greatly struggle to make their house payments. More than a third took no or fewer vacations. And more than a fifth skipped meals and/or worked overtime in order to pay for monthly housing costs.

By Mark Jenkins

When it comes to affording housing, more and more Americans are living on the edge of the abyss.

A recent report by Redfin notes that half of U.S. homeowners and renters sometimes, regularly, or greatly struggle to make their house payments. More than a third took no or fewer vacations. And more than a fifth skipped meals and/or worked overtime in order to pay for monthly housing costs.

To make matters worse, even if Americans could afford such costs, there simply aren’t enough houses to go around. At the end of 2023, America was short upwards of 3.2 million homes, according to census data analyzed by Hines, a global real estate developer. And those houses and apartments that are being built are not easily afforded.

It is amid such a shortage of affordable housing that the U.S. Supreme Court on Monday will hear oral arguments in arguably the most significant case about the rights of unhoused people to come before the court in more than 40 years. At issue in City of Grants Pass, Oregon v. Johnson is whether cities are allowed to punish people for using what they are classifying as “camping equipment” — pillows, sleeping bags, even cardboard boxes — as shelter for sleeping outside even when there are no available options for safe shelter.

The city council makes no pretense of their intent. Their president is on record as saying, “the point is to make it uncomfortable enough for them in our city so they will want to move on down the road.”

Like many small towns, Grants Pass has no homeless shelters qualified by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The city relies solely upon the Gospel Rescue Mission to fill that need. But the mission has strict requirements for those who would stay there. Residents “must dress and behave according to their birth gender;” work six hours a day, six days a week; attend mandatory Bible studies every morning and evening; and pay $100 monthly rent. And if one is too sick or disabled to work, there is simply “no room at the inn.”

“Instead of responding to an increase in homelessness with compassion and housing services,” said Jesse Rabinowitz of the National Homelessness Law Center (NHLC), “the city of Grants Pass decided to give people tickets of around $350 for camping outside.” Rabinowitz continued, “This is literally about if people can be punished for using something like a blanket a cardboard box or a pillow when they’re sleeping outside.”

In 2019, in the case of Boise v. Martin, the Ninth Circuit court held that enforcing criminal restrictions on public camping when there is no “access to adequate temporary shelter” violates the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments clause. It is this ruling that Grants Pass is challenging. Should the Supreme Court rule in Grants Pass’s favor and overturn Boise v. Martin, it will, in effect, criminalize homelessness during a growing shortage of housing. Freddie Mac recently estimated that, as of the fourth quarter of 2020, the United States had a housing supply deficit of 3.8 million units. This means that, if every available housing unit were filled tonight, millions of Americans would still find themselves sleeping out of doors. And, if Grants Pass were to have its way, they would be sleeping without pillows or blankets.

All too often, when confronted with the facts of this case, the response is to assume that unhoused persons are living on the streets by choice or as the result of a choice to become addicted to drugs or alcohol. Little regard is given to the systematic dismantling of the social safety net that has occurred over the last fifty years.

When I was 10 years old, in 1968, my clergyman father enrolled in a summer training program at the Chicago Urban Training Center. Twelve major American denominations established this center to train clergy, seminarians, and laity interested in inner city ministry. Among the mentors he met there was Kwame Ture, then known as Stokely Carmichael, one of the most active, committed, and engaging social organizers of the day.

On the first week of the program, he and others were subjected to something called, “the Plunge.” They were each given five dollars in change and sent out to live on the streets. In order to fit in, my father wore an old army overcoat that had been dyed. He spent his first night in a flophouse. The second in an all-night movie theater. After that, he was out of money. No food. And nowhere to stay.

So he signed on at a local business called “Rent-a-Man.” There he got a job unloading box cars making $11.25 for the day. At the end of the day, when he was paid, he noted that social security had been withheld even though the company had not bothered to get his number. It was a tax that would clearly never be paid. And to make things worse, he was paid not in cash but in a voucher. Like the 19th century Welsh coal miners who were paid with vouchers from the company store, workers at “Rent-a-Man” were paid with a voucher that could only be cashed at the bar across the street.

“You get a cycle going there,” my father later said. “You go to the bar. You cash your check. You drink up most of your check. And then the next day you’re without funds. You’ve got to go back and work again for a day.”

Life on the streets is not what it seems. Societal structures – structures purposefully designed to do what they do – conspire to keep people homeless and in poverty. It is, in essence, a modern-day indentured servitude. Only the indentureship is structured in such a way as to trap people permanently in their circumstance. Perhaps saying it’s a conspiracy seems over the top. But it was no accident that those alcoholic workers were sent to the bar to get paid.

“We need to be very clear,” says Rabinowitz of the NHLC, “that there is a well-funded, billionaire-backed, national campaign to criminalize homelessness in cities and states across the country.”

Regardless of what so many think, the vast majority of people who live on the streets are not there by choice. They are there because they lack the resources, financial and otherwise, to find shelter. They are there because there simply isn’t enough housing or shelters available.

If the court should side with Grants Pass, as it seems likely, we will be housing the homeless in jails and prisons. But even should they rule that jailing or fining the homeless for using a pillow when no safe shelter is available does indeed constitute cruel and unusual punishment, that will not solve the problem. Until this country gets serious about providing its citizens with a living wage and affordable housing, none of this is going to go away.
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Mark Jenkins retired in 2015 after 30 years of parish ministry in the Episcopal Church and 11 years teaching at Wayne State University. Since then he has spent his days reading, writing, cooking, and publishing the occasional essay.

I have some recommended reading for the American journalistic community.
It is not time-intensive or laborious; it is just one page—page 234—in a biography, “The Chancellor: The Remarkable Odyssey of Angela Merkel.”
On that page, the author, Kati Marton, discusses how Merkel’s body was betraying her; she was suffering from severe tremors, very noticeable in public, and so severe that, at times, Merkel, the former German chancellor, could not stand up for a national anthem.

By Berl Falbaum

I have some recommended reading for the American journalistic community.

It is not time-intensive or laborious; it is just one page—page 234—in a biography, “The Chancellor: The Remarkable Odyssey of Angela Merkel.”

On that page, the author, Kati Marton, discusses how Merkel’s body was betraying her; she was suffering from severe tremors, very noticeable in public, and so severe that, at times, Merkel, the former German chancellor, could not stand up for a national anthem.

Merkel had served as chancellor for 16 years, from 2005-21, and was deciding whether to run again. She did not; she was 66 at the time. At the peak of her tenure, she was, arguably, the most powerful public official in Europe.

Well aware of public concern, Merkel issued the following statement: “I would simply say, you have known me for quite a while and know that I am able to fulfill my office.  As a human being I also have a personal interest in my health, especially as my political career is ending in 2021, and I would like to lead a healthy life after this one.”

The press took notice and, after serious reflection, made a decision that is journalistically fascinating and hard to imagine ever happening in our own media environment.

Journalists, please read the following carefully:

“Our press association held a meeting,” said Anna Sauerbrey, a Berlin-based columnist, “and we decided to stick to our tradition of not covering the chancellor’s health unless it prevents her from doing her job. She is obviously during her job. We consider this a private matter.”  

The author, Marton, writes, “By American standards, German media’s reluctance to pursue the story of the chancellor’s health seems remarkable. In this unsettling new world, this collective decision by the media to respect the chancellor’s privacy seemed downright quaint.”

Quaint? How about, by U.S. standards, unthinkable, inconceivable, incomprehensible.

I raise this issue given the U.S. media’s obsession with President Biden’s gaffes. In the millions of words written about them, none—and I believe I can use the absolute “none”—has ever reported how they affected either domestic or foreign policies.

No one has taken the time to consider whether they are newsworthy in terms of Biden’s performance. Nor has anyone considered, as one reporter, a stutterer, pointed out that when Biden talks, he not only has to decide what he wants to say but how to say it to avoid stuttering.  That, of course, leads to gaffes.

As Clarence Page, a stutterer, wrote in The Chicago Tribune, “When you bump up against a word that’s not going to let you proceed without a struggle, you just switch to another word.”

The media’s only objective seems to be to get a “good story” and beat competitors to the punch.

Of course, Biden is not the first public official at the presidential level to be a victim of reckless and simplistic journalistic practices.  There have been many and one that still leaves me mystified: Dan Quayle who in 1992, as vice president, misspelled “potato” while at a New Jersey elementary school, adding an “e” at the end of the word.

This error, which had nothing to do with his official duties, hounded him during his entire career, and is ingrained in our political culture and history. Given the massive, relentless coverage, many still remember this faux pas, more than 30 years after the fact.  Incidentally, Quayle was not totally at fault; he used a teacher’s flash card in making the mistake.

If you Google “famous bad spellers,” you will find, among others, Jane Austen, Albert Einstein, Winston Churchill, George Washington, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Butler Yeats. All of them performed pretty well in their respective discipline.

An aside on the evolution of our politics: Quayle’s misspelling severely damaged his entire career. Meanwhile, Trump’s thousands of lies, corruption, ugly sexual history, etc., did not stop him from winning the presidency in 2016, becoming the GOP presidential candidate in 2020, and he is poised to possibly winning the presidency again this year despite—let us not forget—having been impeached twice and found guilty of sexual assault in the civil proceeding. Someone explain all that to me.

Then there was President Gerald Ford who stumbled several times while climbing the steps on the ramp of Air Force One. The media ignored the “political relevance” of Ford’s accidents, constantly describing him as a clumsy ignoramus despite the fact that he was probably the most athletically talented president to hold the office, having had offers to play professional football, was an avid skier and decent golfer.

Indirectly, consider the coverage of Katherine, Princess of Wales, as she undergoes treatment for cancer. Understandably, the story needs to be covered; she is after all royalty. But how about substituting some respect, sensitivity, compassion and support for unfeeling sensationalism. The British press, particularly, has been shamefully ruthless.

There are, of course, other absurdities in the coverage of our politics. Would that the U.S. media copy page 234 of Marton’s book, study it, distribute it to all who cover public affairs, and take steps to implement such a policy.

Now that would be news!
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Berl Falbaum is a veteran journalist and author of 12 books.

As a doctoral-level scholar, I and others in the fields of Economics, Statistics, and Econometrics practice the use of many economic-measuring tools, such as the findings of Forensic Economists. Typically, an economist studies and uses various economic methodologies in his/her work with practicing attorneys. As the caseloads of many law firms focus on Personal Injury and Death cases and on cases concerning Business Law, the preferred work for these applications comes from the work of Jan Tinbergen.

By John Francis Sase
Gerard Senick, editor
July Sase, reviewer
William Gross, researcher

As a doctoral-level scholar, I and others in the fields of Economics, Statistics, and Econometrics practice the use of many economic-measuring tools, such as the findings of Forensic Economists. Typically, an economist studies and uses various economic methodologies in his/her work with practicing attorneys. As the caseloads of many law firms focus on Personal Injury and Death cases and on cases concerning Business Law, the preferred work for these applications comes from the work of Jan Tinbergen. Tinbergen (12 April 1903 – 9 June 1994) was a Dutch economist, author, and academic who received the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, an award that he shared with Norwegian Economist Ragnar Frisch in 1969. They developed and applied dynamic models for analyzing economic processes. Economists widely consider Tinbergen to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th Century and one of the founders of Econometrics, the branch of Economics concerned with mathematical methods.

The critical contributions by Tinbergen to Econometrics include the development of the first macroeconomic models, the solution of the identification problem, and the understanding of dynamic models. Tinbergen also served as a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security, the United Nations-accredited global organization of economists, political scientists, and security established in 1989.

In 1945, Tinbergen founded the Bureau for Economics Policy Analysis (CPB) and was the agency’s first director. Tinbergen remains well-known to English-speaking readers as the author of numerous technical journal articles. Furthermore, he served as the director of the study on Statistical Testing of Business-Cycle Theories by the League of Nations and co-authored a respected book, with Dutch Economist Jacques Jacobus Polak, “The Dynamics of Business Cycles: A Study in Economic Fluctuations.” First published in Holland in 1942, (“The Dynamics of Business Cycles” was published in America in 1950 by the University of Chicago Press).

Tinbergen intended this book to serve as a traveling guide for economists and others who wish to go sightseeing in the domain of Econometrics. “The Dynamics of Business Cycles” continues to serve as a fundamental guide through the accumulation of economic literature published in this subfield of Economics over the years.

In his writing, Tinbergen assumes that students interested in this ever-developing field may have yet to study Mathematical Economics. He believed that earlier thinkers in Economics thought that the level of learning in elementary-school mathematics and secondary-school algebra courses that include basic graphic-presentation skills would suffice.

However, in recent decades, economists have attempted to focus on the logical foundations of this area of science to describe the results more effectively. As a younger branch of science, Econometrics can be learned from periodical articles, instructional videos, and updated textbooks.

Tinbergen exclaimed, “May this guide stimulate the desire for traveling!”

The Relationship of Econometrics to Economics and Statistics:

Economics/Statistics/Econometrics

Those of us who teach Economics and Statistics have felt an acute need for textbooks that offer students an adequate introduction to the growing number of Econometric studies in print and other media. Tinbergen intended that his book would fill this need precisely. He did a great job!

Econometrics

The subfield of Econometrics continues to address the mathematical formulation of economic hypotheses. Furthermore, Tinbergen emphasized a forward view toward statistical testing of such hypotheses. Over more than a half-century, we have evolved from using somewhat primitive devices to equipment that holds more data extensively and processes it faster. Some even fit comfortably into a coat pocket!

Competency

Econometricians need to develop three directions of competencies:   becoming an Economic Theorist, an Economic Mathematician, and an Economic Statistician. Therefore, we need to remain unsurprised that Econometric Studies receive criticism from one or more of these three other points of view by specialists in their fields. Therefore, Econometrics remains an interdisciplinary science, and students of Econometrics must remain patient and respect all of the three interdisciplinary fields mentioned above.

Econometrics maintains significant attributes that make it an analytical methodology. This field possesses powerful mathematical tools that allow it to formulate economic hypotheses without rigidly confining its boundaries to ceteris paribus assumptions. Furthermore, the equally powerful statistical tools of Econometrics enable us to confront such hypotheses with facts meaningfully. However, even though we use mathematical symbols within our processes of economic analysis, the analysis becomes, in Tinbergen’s words, “more abstract, more theoretical, or more useless. Quite precisely, the opposite appears true.”

Nevertheless, Econometricians continue to make mistakes. Though remaining believable sometimes, mathematical symbols do not guarantee Econometrics against hidden and contradictory assumptions. Furthermore, this method does not protect an analyst against poor judgment or stupidity. As Tinbergen notes, “Econometrics remains no better than the econometrician pursuing it!” However, such a belief does not impugn the analytical technique itself.

I (Dr. Sase) am working on retranslating Tinbergen’s text, which was revised and enlarged for the English edition. In addition to the gratis use afforded to English-reading/speaking students of Economics and professionals in the field of Law, we can rely upon recent references included within the Dutch-language edition.

The book explains the relationship of Econometrics to Economics and Statistics while outlining the process of formulating economic hypotheses mathematically and subjecting them to a statistical test. Tinbergen explains the methodology of obtaining the various component equations of the system, be they psychic, technical, or business. Furthermore, it describes the process of setting up an economic model of the system. Finally, the book illustrates the use of Econometric methods for purposes related to policy.

The beginning student needs more knowledge of Mathematics and Statistics. With careful study, s/he will become involved in some of the most exciting and vital aspects of Economic Theory and Policy.

This month, we explored Part One of Tinbergen’s work in our column. Now, we include an overview of the topics for the next three installments.

Part II. The Working Methods of Econometrics:

Mathematical Formulation

• The function of Mathematical Economics; general remarks

   - 5 Which variables should be included in the relation?
   - 6 The mathematical form of the relation
   - 7 How the time factor appears in the relation
   - 8 Connection with other relations
   - 9 Supply equation and price-fixation equation
   - 10 Macroeconomic investigations
   - 11 The description of complete systems
   - 12 The movements of complete systems
   - 13 Stable and unstable equilibria: the purpose of economic policy

Part III. Statistical Testing

   - 14 Statistical testing; measuring phenomena
   - 15 Determining the components of time series; general remarks
   - 16 More refined methods; the trend
   - 17 Determining and eliminating the random components
   - 18 Determining the seasonal fluctuations and the-   business-        
   - 19 Simple correlation
   - 20 Possibilities of application in the economic field
   - 21 Multiple correlation
   - 22 Evaluating the uncertainty of the results
   - 23 Simultaneous equations
   - 24 The use of regression analysis in Econometrics
 
Part III. Results of Econometric Research

The Psychic Reactions

   - 25 Contents and subdivision of this chapter
   - 26 Psychic reaction relations; Engel curves
   - 27 The “propensity to consume” and the “multiplier”
   - 28 Demand curves; agricultural products        
   - 29 Demand curves; services and industrial products
   - 30 The demand function for all goods taken together
   - 31 Dynamic-demand functions
   - 32 The foundations of demand curves; indifference surfaces
   - 33 Cost curves for separate industrial enterprises-     

Microeconomic Cost-Curves

   - 34 The production function (macroeconomic cost curves)
   - 35 Technical developments

Reactions of Business Life

   - 36 Supply of products
   - 37 The demand for investment goods
   - 38 Substitution elasticities
  - 39 Reaction relations in the financial sphere

The Functioning of Economic Systems

   - 40 Separate markets (Echo Principle, Hog Cycle, Building Cycle)
   - 41 The General Business-Cycle Movement            
   - 42 Comparative-Static Systems
   - 43 Concluding remarks

Part IV. Economic Policy

The Use of Econometric Research for Economic Policy (An Example)
   - 44 Object and summary of this chapter
   - 45 Description of the model and its alternatives
   - 46 Choice of variables; boundary conditions
   - 47 Directives and Instruments; the strategy of economic policy
   - 48 Isolated wage policy; consequences of the double function of wages
   - 49 Isolated price-policy
   - 50 Devaluation
   - 51 Combined wage, price, and tax policy; the “optimum” solution
   - 52 A closer examination of tax and subsidy policy
   - 53 The influence of wages upon employment under various site conditions
   - 54 Summary:  is it possible to translate our analysis into verbal deductions?

A. The Use of Correlation Analysis in Economic Research

   - 55. Introductory
   - 56. Multiple correlation-analysis
   - 57. Determination of uncertainty in results
   - 58. Simultaneous relations
   - 59. Some further remarks on the reduced-form-method
   - 60. General remarks on the application of the correlation-method
   - 61. Some successful examples
   - 62. Conclusions of political and scientific importance
 
B. Statistical Evidence on the Acceleration Principle

   - 63. Theoretical introduction
   - 64. Statistical verification

C. Long-Term Foreign Trade Elasticities

   - 65. Importance of long-term elasticities of imports and exports
   - 66. Long-term vs. short-term elasticities
   - 67. Measurement from long-time series  
   - 68. Measurements from cross-section studies
   - 69. Concluding remarks
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Dr. John F. Sase teaches Economics at Wayne State University and has practiced Forensic and Investigative Economics for twenty years. He earned a combined M.A. in Economics and an MBA at the University of Detroit, followed by a Ph.D. in Economics from Wayne State University. He is a graduate of the University of Detroit Jesuit High School (www.saseassociates.com).

Gerard J. Senick is a freelance writer, editor, and musician. He earned his degree in English at the University of Detroit and was a supervisory editor at Gale Research Company (now Cengage) for over twenty years. Currently, he edits books for publication (www.senick-editing.com).

Julie G. Sase is a copyeditor, parent coach, and empath. She earned her degree in English at Marygrove College and her graduate certificate in Parent Coaching from Seattle Pacific University. Ms. Sase coaches clients, writes articles, and edits copy (royaloakparentcoaching.com).

Everyone wants to feel loved. The quickest way to experience love to is give love to others. Kind words and actions bring a person into experiencing love in each moment. The other day I was looking for a clothing gift for one of my granddaughters. I asked a woman in the store, who was shopping also, if she knew where sweatshirts for women might be. She was so helpful and helped me find these articles of clothing even after I got lost.